Decree of the Ministry of Industry and Trade No. 153 / 2001 Coll.
Decree of the Ministry of Industry and Trade laying down details on the determination of the efficiency of energy use in electricity transmission, distribution and internal distribution
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153
DECLARATION
Ministry of Industry and Trade
of 12 April 2001
laying down details of the determination of the efficiency of energy use in the transmission, distribution and internal distribution of electricity
The Ministry of Industry and Trade provides pursuant to § 14 (5) of Act No. 406 / 2000 Coll., on Energy Management, ("the Act ') for the implementation of § 6 (2) of the Act:
Subject matter
(1) The Decree sets out the details of the assessment of the efficiency of energy use in transmission and distribution ("distribution") and internal electricity distribution.
(2) The efficiency of the use of energy in the distribution and internal distribution of electricity under this Decree is determined by the technical losses incurred in the operation of equipment by physical phenomena.
(3) For the purposes of this decree, "internal distribution 'means the distribution to which electricity is supplied by the licensee under a special legislation (1) by his own equipment to end customers and which is at the same time subject to reporting of data under a special legislation. 1)
(4) The determination of technical losses shall apply to newly established wiring and internal wiring, and to wiring and internal wiring, which are subject to a change in completed constructions according to a specific legislation, 2) and to existing wiring and internal wiring.
(5) The evaluation of the efficiency of the use of electricity under this Decree applies to the transmission system and, in special cases, to selected lines at a very high voltage of 110 kV, to a very high voltage distribution system at 110 kV, to a high voltage distribution system at 6 to 35 kV and to a low voltage distribution system up to 1 kV and to an internal power distribution system.
(6) This decree does not apply to cases where the transmission system or distribution system is operated
(a) within the scope of an obligation in excess of a licence under a specific legislation, 1)
(b) in dealing with and preventing and eliminating emergencies under specific legislation. 1)
Distribution of technical losses of electricity in distribution and internal distribution of electricity
(1) Technical losses in electricity distribution and internal electricity distribution are subdivided into:
(a) permanent losses due to the implementation and parameters of the installations operated;
(b) the losses of the variable which are affected by the power transmitted by the operated equipment.
(2) The method of determining the technical loss of electricity (hereinafter referred to as the "method of determination") is set out in the Annex.
Evaluation of electricity losses
(1) For evaluation purposes, annual technical losses in electricity distribution and internal electricity distribution shall be the sum of losses of fixed and variable.
(2) The evaluation of electricity losses shall be carried out annually by 30 March of the following year at the latest, to the extent specified in the Annex.
(3) Files of measured technical quantities, other data related to the assessment of the efficiency of the use of electricity and values determined according to the method of determination shall be kept for at least 5 years.
(4) The sum of the technical losses determined in accordance with the method of determination shall be compared with the total losses declared by the licence holders for transmission and distribution of electricity in the reports processed under the specific legislation. 1) The data shall also be expressed as a percentage of the total electricity transfer.
(5) The assessment of losses shall be carried out on electricity distribution facilities and internal electricity distribution facilities operated in the relevant year.
Efficacy
This decree shall take effect on the day of its publication.
Minister:
Doc.
Annex to Decree No 153 / 2001 Coll.
Method for determining technical losses of electricity
A. Loss of technical permanent
/ 1 / Corona
It is used in divorce proceedings.
Calculation of the initial phase voltage (critical voltage) when the discharge occurs is performed according to the empirical Peek formula:
Uk = 49,2 * m1 * m2
where m1 is the coefficient of wire roughness (for ropes 0,87 to 0,83)
m2 is the weather coefficient (1,00 for drought, 0,80 for rain, fog or snow)
r is the wire radius in cm
It is the relative density of air (0,97 to 0,82 by altitude)
d is the mean distance of conductors d = d1 * d2 * d33 (cm).
The amount of active losses per km of one phase of the line caused by the corona is given by:
PZt1 = 2,44 * f + 25 / hh * rd * Uf - Uk2 10-3 [kW / km]
where f is the frequency (50 Hz) and Uf is the phase voltage in kV.
For losses of three-phase Lv-length power in km caused by a corona for a year operated for T hours per year (usually 8760), this applies.
WZt1 = 3 * PZt1 * Lv * T * 10-3 [MWh]
NB: For 110 kV lines with a cross-section above 95 mm2, these losses are negligible.
/ 2 / Leading
It is applied in distribution of all voltage levels.
Each isolant has a certain current, because it has no infinite resistance. The current size is given by:
I = U0 / Rk [A / km]
where U0 is the voltage relative to the ground in kV and Rk is the resistance of insulation in kvj / km.
The losses of active power of one phase of the lead caused by the lead shall then be:
PZt2 = U20 / Rk [kW / km]
In the case of outdoor lines, the seam is mainly caused by a surface conductive current, which is the largest in wet weather, especially if the insulator surface is covered with a layer of conductive impurities. The minimum required insulation resistance for moisture is therefore 24 kv / V for outdoor lines, for lines above 20 kV then at least 1.6 MKm.
For losses of three-phase Lv length electric power in km operated for T hours per year (usually 8760), the following shall apply:
WZt2 = 3 * PZt2 * Lv * T * 10-3 [MWh]
As the losses are relatively low compared to the total losses, the average value of:
| venkovní vedení vvn | 9 500 kWh/km * rok |
| venkovní vedení vn | 800 kWh/km * rok |
| venkovní vedení nn | 30 kWh/km * rok |
The necessary input data for the calculation of total losses of electric energy are the simple lengths of the three-phase outdoor Lv lines at individual voltage levels.
/ 3 / Loss in dielectric
It is considered in the divorce of all levels of tension.
Dielectric losses in cables represent virtually their losses in the lead. If the charging current is one km of single-phase cable line
I0 = Uf / Xc = Uf * ω * C = Uf * 2∞ * f * C * 103 [A / km]
where Uf is the phase voltage in kV,
Xc is a capacity reactance of the cable in a km
C is cable capacity F / km
then its active losses in dielectric:
PZt3 = Uf2 * 2∞ * f * C * tgδ * 103 [kW / km]
where delta is the loss angle.
The loss angle is one of the characteristic values for insulation quality and should not exceed 4 ° for properly maintained cables.
For losses of three-phase Lk length power in km operated for T hours per year (usually 8760), the following shall apply:
WZt3 = 3 * PZt3 * LK * T * 10-3 [MWh]
With an average loss angle delta = 2 °, the average dielectric losses of cables with sufficient accuracy are determined at the following voltage levels:
| 3f kabely 110kV | 175 000 kWh/km * rok |
| 3f kabely 35kV | 26 000 kWh/km * rok |
| 3f kabely 22kV | 14 000 kWh/km * rok |
| 3f kabely 10kV | 4 500 kWh/km * rok |
| 3f kabely 6kV | 1 600 kWh/km * rok |
| 3f kabely 0,4kV | 4 kWh/km * rok |
/ 4 / Losses of transformers empty
It is considered in the divorce of all levels of tension.
These losses are significantly applied to older transformers that are not equipped with oriented or amorphous sheets. Losses of transformers empty are part of the documentation of these devices.
Active power losses of a group of transformers empty are:
WZt4 = dost r.
where you are the time of operation of the ith transformer (hr), of its loss (W).
The input data for the calculation of total losses of all transformers empty are their n numbers in the power lines and tin quality groups, together with the following indicative loss values (see short losses of transformers).
/ 5 / Permanent consumption of measuring elements
It is considered in the divorce of all levels of tension.
The average voltage and switching coils of the electrometers are:
| 1,44W | PZt11 jednofázového jednosazbového elektroměru |
| 1,44W + 1,20W = 2,64W | PZt12 jednofázového dvousazbového elektroměru |
| 3 x 1,44W = 4,32W | PZt31 třífázového jednosazbového elektroměru |
| 3 x 1,44W + 1,20 = 5,52W | PZt32 třífázového dvousazbového elektroměru |
The annual electricity losses in the operational area shall be calculated according to the relation:
WZt5 = (NE31 * PZt31 + NE32 * PZt32) * 8,76 * 10-3 [MWh]
where NE31a NE32 is the number of two and one-stage three-phase electrometers in the operating area.
The annual loss of electricity in the commercial area shall be calculated by reference to:
WZo5 = (NE11 * PZt11 + NE12 * PZt12 + NE31 * PZt31 + NE32 * PZt32) * 8,76 * 10-3
[MWh]
where NE11 to NE32 are the number of individual types of customer electrometers in the area. They can be expressed as 25 MWh / 1000 pcs per year.
/ 6 / Permanent consumption of control elements
It is applied in divorce cases.
The average continuous power consumption of switching clock is PZPH = 1,5W, HDO PZHDO receiver = 2W.
Annual loss of electric energy in commercial areas:
WZo6 = (NPH * PZPH + NHDO * PZHDO) * 8,76 * 10-3 [MWh]
where NPH and NHDO are the number of switching hours and HDO receivers.
Their standard value is 10 MWh / 1000 pcs per year.
B. Loss of technical variable
7 / Jouel's loss of leadership
It is applied in distribution of all voltage levels. These are the most significant losses in the field of operating.
(a) networks:
The method of determination presupposes the existence of long-distance measurements of the electricity quantities of the network under consideration in real time in both quantity and quality, and their archiving after hourly intervals throughout the period under consideration, which shall be used as input values of a steady-state network programme or a similar programme using the following procedure for the calculation of losses.
The loss of active power of the transferred intended distribution, caused by the conversion of electricity to heat in the lines and transformers, together with the loss of active power consumed in the deployed compensation devices shall be determined at time t as follows:
PZt7 = iPi1 - Pi2 + ijkjPj3 [MW]
Pi1 - measured active power flowing through the initial output of the ith branch
Pi2 - measured active power flowing through the end outlet of the ith branch
Pj3 - power consumption of the first compensatory device
kj - indication of application of compensation device (kj = 0 - not set, kj = 1 - deployed)
where the index and, respectively, j is conducted by a set of branches or available compensatory means of the network considered.
Electricity loss over the period considered T shall be determined as follows:
WZt7 = WZ7 [MWh]
(b) networks:
• Option 1:
The method of determination presupposes the existence of long-distance measurements of the current on the outlets of the distribution plants considered in real time and their archiving at hourly intervals throughout the period and the existence of a model of the distribution under consideration.
The loss of active power transmitted by the envisaged distribution at time t, caused by the conversion of electricity to heat in lines and transformers, shall be determined on the basis of the knowledge of the complete model of the network considered by an appropriate calculation algorithm:
Pzt7 (t) = f (I1 (t),..., In (t)) [MW]
where Ii is estimated to be the current consumption of the ith distribution station and n is the number of distribution stations of the given distribution.
Estimates of current withdrawals at distribution stations shall be made in real time by an appropriate method based on the statistical set of seasonal measurements and the measured power supply I of the relevant beam:
| Ij =I ( IjS / IS) | [A] |
where IjS is the statistical estimate of the current collection of the first distribution station and the index j characterises a set of distribution stations on the relevant beam.
In the absence of a statistical set of seasonal measurements, the statistical estimate of current sampling may be replaced by the nominal apparent power of the relevant sampling transformer.
If the current on the power supply lines of the substations is not measured, the output of the relevant power transformer can be considered as the beginning of the above beams.
Electricity loss over the period considered T is determined as follows:
| [MWh] | ||
The total energy losses in the distribution system will then be the sum of the losses of the individual areas of power transformers.
• Variant of calculation No 2 - outdoor distribution vn
Entry values for calculation:
| WVC | celkově opatřená energie [MWh] |
| TmC | doba využití maxima [hod/rok] |
| NVC | celkový počet vývodů z napájecích uzlů vvn/vn |
| LVC | jejich rovinutá délka [km] |
| sVC | průměrný průřez [mm2] |
| NOC | celkový počet odboček vn |
| LOC | jejich rozvinutá délka [km] |
| sOC | průměrný průřez [mm2] |
| NPC | celkový počet přípojek (přibližně počet trafostanic vn/nn) |
| LPC | jejich rozvinutá délka [km] |
| sPC | průměrný průřez [mm2] |
On the basis of these data, the following shall be calculated:
• average line length vn lVC = LVC / NVC [km]
• average number of its turns nOC = NOC / NVC
• Average length of the IOC = LOC / NOC [km]
• average number of their nPC connections = NPC / NOC
• Average peak load per line vn:
PSVC1 = WVC / (TmC * NVC * kscC1),
where KC1 is the coefficient of the current load of the line
• Average peak load of one turn vn:
PSVC2 = NVC * PSVC1 / (NOC * kscC2),
where ksc2 is the coefficient of the current load of turbochargers
• Average peak connection load vn:
PSVC3 = NOC * PSVC2 / (NPC * kscC3),
where KC3 is the coefficient of current load of connections
• Lost power of one main line in a specific rVC resistance
PzVCl = [lVC * rVC * (PSVCl) 2 / (3 * Uf * cos) 2] * kRVn [MW]
where kRVn = (2nOC2 + 3 nOC + 1) / 2nOC2 [-]
Uf... phase voltage [kV]
• Similarly, the loss of average turnovers and connections in the relative resistance rVO [h / km] or rVP [m / km]:
PzVC2 = [lVO * rVO * (PSVC2) 2 / (3 * Uf * cos) 2] * kRON [MW]
where kRon = (2nPC2 + 3nPC + 1) / 2nPC2 [-]
PzVC3 = 3 * lVP * rVP * (PSVC3) 2 / (3 * Uf * cos) 2 [MW]
• Lost performance of the entire outdoor system vn:
PZt7v = PzVC1 * NVC + PzVC2 * NOC + PZVC3 * NPC [MW]
• Annual energy losses:
WZt7v = PzVC1 * NVC * TzC1 + PzVC2 * NOC * TzC2 + PzVC3 * NPC * TzC3 [MWh]
where TzC1 or TzC2 or TzC3 can be determined using TmC1 = TmC * ksc1 or TmC2 = TmC * ksc2 or TmC3 = TmC * ksc3 and following tables.
| TmC [hod/rok] | TzC [hod/rok] | ksC [-] | |
|---|---|---|---|
| vedení vn, (TR vn/vn) | 4250 - 4750 | 2500 - 3011 | 0,81 - 0,83 |
| odbočky vn | 4000 - 4500 | 2261 - 2749 | 0,81 - 0,83 |
| přípojky vn | 3500 - 4000 | 1819 - 2261 | 0,88 - 0,89 |
• Variant of calculation No 2 - cable distribution vn:
The procedure for calculating losses in cable distribution is similar, simplified by the absence of divergences and connections. It is necessary, however, to correct the total length of cable distribution in (its reduction) by cable installation of outdoor lines. It should also be considered that the number of loops in the area will be somewhat higher than the number of transformers installed.
Result of electricity losses of the cable network:
WZt7k = PzKC1 * NKC * TzC1 [MWh]
Total annual losses of electric power in vn networks: [MWh]
WZt7 = WZt7v + WZt7k
(c) networks:
• Option 1:
The method of determination presupposes knowledge of the estimates of withdrawals at distribution stations in real time and the existence of a model of the proposed divorce.
The estimate of the lost active power by converting electricity into heat in the transformer winding at time t shall be determined on the basis of an estimate of the apparent power consumption of the relevant distribution station:
PZt7 (t) = f (S (t)) [MW, MVA]
Based on the knowledge of the estimates of the distribution station in the period under consideration T shall be determined by using the Pmax power maxima (MW):
Tmax = 1 / Pmax
The loss of active power caused by the conversion of electrical energy into heat in the rv-specific resistor (h / km) with an average length of LV (km) loaded with an average power peak shall be determined as follows:
PZV = rV lV (Pmax / 3 NVUf cos) 2 [MW]
where NV is the number of outputs of the distribution transformer of the power supply area,
Uf is the phase voltage (kV).
The loss of active power caused by the conversion of electrical energy into heat in rp-specific (dost / km) connections with an average length of 1p (km) loaded with an average power peak shall be determined as follows:
Pzp = 3 rp 1p (Pmax / 3 Np Uf cos) 2 [MW]
where Np is the number of connections of the powered area.
Energy loss of the area supplied by the relevant distribution transformer during the period considered T then we determine as follows:
WZt7 = PzvNv + PzpNp Tmax + KV0TPZT t dt [MWh]
The total energy losses in substations are the sum of losses of individual areas of distribution transformers.
• Variant of calculation No 2 - outdoor distribution nn
Entry values for calculation:
| WVE | celkově opatřená energie [MWh] |
| TmE | doba využití maxima [hod/rok] |
| LVE | celková délka vedení [km] |
| LPE | celková délka přípojek [km] |
| sVE | průměrný průřez vedení [mm2] |
| sPE | průměrný průřez přípojek [mm2] |
| NPE | celkový počet přípojek |
| NVD | celkový počet trafostanic vn/nn |
| nVD | průměrný počet vývodů z trafostanice |
| NVE | celkový počet hlavních venkovních vedení nn |
If the number of withdrawals from the external line is n equal to approximately half of the number of connections, the number of withdrawals of the average line of average length may be determined as:
nV = 0,5 * NPE / NVE
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Regulation Information
| Citation | Decree of the Ministry of Industry and Trade No. 153 / 2001 Coll., laying down details of the determination of the efficiency of energy use in the transmission, distribution and internal distribution of electricity |
|---|---|
| Regulation Type | Order |
| Author | - |
| Collection | Code of Laws |
| Date of Promulgation | 03.05.2001 |
|---|---|
| Effective from | 03.05.2001 |
| Effective until | - |
| Status | Valid |
The regulation text is for informational purposes only.
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